Sunday, October 24, 2010

Tour Report on Cox's Bazar, Rangamati and Bandarban






Topics
Page No
Introduction

Description on study area

Aim and object of study tour

Physiographic

Cultural activities of tribe

Development of tourism

Shrimp cultivation

Methods of reporting and information processing

Discussion and explanation

Conclusion

Acknowledgement

Reference


























 Introduction:
            We the student of Geography and Environment had a very nice study Tour to Bandarban, Cox’s Bazar and Chittagong. We made it successful along with our teachers. We went three paces and our proposed period is 16th April – 22nd April Our respected teachers guided us through out the study tour and also supervised us fairly in many aspects.

Necessity of study Tour:
            In Geography and a spatial method, we analyze everything was based on its location and resources. I know that study tour is essential task for us. The way of study in Geography is completely different than the other subjects. The curriculum is based on practical analysis rather than descriptive method. We value things spatially and as a matter of facts, we need to more practical in all aspects. Usually as a student of Geography and Environment we get a yearly tour trip somewhere around here in Bangladesh. We learn many important things through it. We apply our common sense and then get that kind of result.
            In Geography, the more will be practical, the more we will find it interesting and computable. Lastly we would say that the necessity of study tour in Geography and Environment is beyond description. We must do it as a mandatory course to extent the knowledge of practical Geography.

Site/Place Selection:
            Every work was done by relation with subject. The main matter of study tour is 2 types. These are –
1.      Acquire practical knowledge
2.      Takes pleasure
Because of we are the student of Geography and Environment department. So, every year our department arranges study tour, and they select like that place which is related with our subject. For that reason in this year they select the Geographical traditional place – Bandarban, Cox’s Bazar and Chittagong. These 3 places are highly related with Geography. In this way we can acquire physiographic condition of that place, Geomorphology, cultural condition, Socio – economic condition, Ocean Geography etc and it get directly.
            This topic is very essential for us to study and acquire knowledge about Geography and Environment. Not only that but also three places is a famous tourist place, and for that reason we get huge pleasure which is helping us to acquire knowledge.

Preparation:
            For well preparation this tours our teachers gives us May essential briefing class and supply necessary data. Over all, we make fulfill this tour we make ID card, Tea – Shirt, Cap, Various committee, Banner etc. which was Greatly help us to complete these study tour.
Necessary Elements:
            The necessary elements which we were carried on the study Tour are given below -
·        Note book
·        Clip board
·        Tracing paper/Graph paper
·        Pen/Pencil/Eraser/Sharpener
·        Ruler
·        Cap, Tea – Shirt with our monogram
·        Banner (2)
·        Torch light / candle/lighter
·        Side bag
·        I.D. card
·        Personal data base
·        Umbrella/Rain coat.
·        Knife

Guideline and behavior:
            Our honorable teacher were also supply a Guide line where include every rule and advise of our work and duty. (Here we add a photocopy of our Guide line). This Guide line is always helping us to maintain our field work and others accessory. We were all-time try to follow these and involves us these rule. For this Guide line we make our duty properly. Here mentioned our aim and objects, method of study tour, preparation of study tour, necessary elements of our study tour and also have a short description of a study tour. So, it is a very important element of our tour because, to maintain every work its help us like a Guide and always we follow it which is also maintain our behavior.
    
Activities of Committee:
            Our teacher consist various committee to makes beautiful of our study tour. The committee of our study tour was given below –

·        Transport:
1.      Morsalin
2.      Rana
3.      Mostafiz

·        Medical:
1.      Khairul
2.      Mithun
·        Logistic:
1.      Shampa
2.      Nayan
3.      Mukti
4.      Imrul
·        Food:
1.      Kazal
2.      Hasan
3.      Sayka
·        Banner:
1.      Atiur Rahman

To totally maintain our study tour our honorable teacher were always help us. In this study tour they are like an adviser and they are –
1.      Dr. Subash Chandra Das Sir
2.      Dr. Shahedur Rashid Sir
3.      Mr. Nayeem Aziz Ansari Sir.

This committee was always active to done for their duty and they are always helps every body in any problem solution. For that committee and their punctuality makes easy to our study tour.

                                      
   JAHANGIRNAGAR UNIVERSITY TO BANDARBAN

No.
  Time &date
Transport
  System                    
     place
                  Subject
01
8.12pm
15.04.05
     Bus
Jahangirnagar   
   University
·        Beautiful natural scenery.
·        This region is Pleistocene age.
·        More vegetation in this area.
·        Cultivation system is not developed.
·        This area is high flood plain.
·        Socio –economic condition is developed.
·        Soil color is red.
02
9.16pm
15.04.05
Bus
Kamlapur Rail Station
·        Communication system is developed.
·        The rail station is made up modern technology.
·        Good condition of settlement in this area.
·        Socio – economic condition is developed.
·        Much sound pollution in this area.
·        Much air pollution.
·        The density of population is high.
·        In this station many shops are open.
·        Busy area and many people wait for train.
03
10.44 pm 15.04.05
Train
Tejgaon rail station
·        Developed communication condition.
·        There are many govt. offices in this area.
·        Sound and air are much polluted.
·        Household types in developed.
·        Socio – economic conditions is developed.
·        There are many population.
04
11:10 pm 15.04.05
    Train
Air port  
 station
·        International air port is situated in this area.
·        Communication system is developed.
·        Settlement condition is developed.
·        Socio – economic condition is developed.
·        Many shops are open.
05
11:23 pm 15.04.05
   Train
Tongi station
·        Turagh River flows beside Tongi station.
·        Some cultivation lands are located here.
·        Vegetation available in this area.
·        Socio – economic condition is good.
·        Many shops are open and the density of population is high.

06
11:58 pm 15.04.05
   Train
   Pubali
   station
·        Shitalakha River is situated.
·        Ghorashal fertilizer factory is situated.
·        House hold types are not good.
07
12.26 pm 15.04.05
   Train
Norshindi
   station
·        There are many trees.
·        The population density is not high in this station.
·        There were many shops.
·        With an area of 1140.76 sq km, population 1891281 is bounded by Narayanganj and Brahmanbaria on the south, Kishorgonj on the north of Norshindi.
08
01:22 am 16.04.05
    train
Bhairab
Junction
·        There are many people are in this station.
·        It stands on the river of Meghna.
·        Famous bridge of Bhairab is situated.
09
01:50 am 16.04.05
  Train
Ashuganj
  station   
·        There was less population.
      to cultivate here
·        Communication system is not developed.
10
02:05 am 16.04.05
   Train
B. Baria 
  station
·        Developed station.
·        More shops here and many shops are open.
·        There are many populations.
·        Police station is situated.
·        To cultivate here.
11
03:20 am 16.04.05
  Train
Akhaura
With an area of Akhaura Upazilla 99.28 sq. km. Akhaura is an important railway junction of Bangladesh and Dhaka is connected through this junction. The town has two Dakbanglows. Railway police thana 1. Population 112982.
·        Big station.
·        Many shops in this junction and populated area.
·        Many people wait for train.
12
04:02 am 16.04.05
   Train
Quasba  
 station
·        No so developed.
·        The density of population is not high.
·        This station is situated near the Indian border. 
13
04:35 am 16.04.05
   Train
 Comilla 
  station
·        There are many shops.
·        Many labors are sleeping here.
·        There are many cultivated land.
14
05:00 am 16.04.05
   Train
 Laksham 
   station        
It has a population of 60926. Laksham railway junction is one of the five biggest junctions of Bangladesh. With an area of 429.34 sq. km. Railways 5.7 km, rail way junction 1, rail way station 6. River are Dakatia and little Feni.
·        Rail station is developed.
·        Settlement condition is good.
·        Populated area. 
15
05:45 am 16.04.05
   Train
Feni rail
 station
It is bounded by Comilla district and Tripura on the north, Noakhali and Chittagong district on the south, Tripura state of India on the east, Noakhali on the west. Railways 32.5 km. River – little Feni, Muhuri.
·        Many bare land in this area.
·        There are many building in this area.
·        Paddy land.
16
07:03 am 16.04.05
  Train
Sitakunda
    Rail   
  Station
·        We saw big hills both of the side.
·        In this station there was very few population.
·         The land use is different between plain lands.
17
07:35 am
  Train
     Old Chittagong rail station
·        Hilly area.
·        We see Jhum cultivation.
·        The color of soil is red.
18
07:40 am 16.04.05
   Train
  Fouzdar  
      Hat
Rail station
·        Settlement condition is good.
·        Cadet College is situated here.
·        We see Jhum cultivation.
·        There are some high and low hill is located.
19
08:01 am 16.04.05
   Train
Chittagong
Rail station
·        Developed rail station.
·        We see developed market, shops and institution.
·        Communication condition is developed.
·        There are many people in the rail station.
20
10:27 am 16.04.05
    Bus -
  Pubali Paribahan
Chittogong
    Town
·        This town is clean and developed.
·        Big industry is situated.
·        The road goes in the hilly area.
·        We saw many market, shops and institution
21
10:30 am 16.04.05
   Bus
Muradpur
·        Residential area.
·        Some time later we saw the bank of Kornafuli River.
22
11:10 am 16.04.05
   Bus
     Patia
·        Rural area.
·        Some cultivable lands are located.
·        Settlement condition is not good.
·        Many shops, Bazar are located in this station.
23
11:25am 16.04.05
  Bus
Chandana
·        Rural area
·        Shag – amanat bridge is situated
·        Big markets are located  
24
11:58 am 16.04.05
  Bus
Satkania
·        Hilly area.
·        Road is not straight.
·        We saw land slide.
·        Some time later we saw Jhum cultivation, valley, high and low hills.
25
12:30 pm 16.04.05
 Bus
Bandarban youth training centre
·        Police station.
·        Hilly area
We saw Bazar, Market etc

      BANDARBAN TO COX’S BAZAR



No.
  Time    &date
Transport
  System                    
                  Subject
26
8.20
19.04.05
Bus
We start Journey to go Cox’s Bazar from Bandarban youth training center.
27
8.25 19.04.05
Bus
We cross the sangu River and enter the town of
Bandarban. We see market, shisu Academy, sub engineqring office and Bandarban town model high school.

28
8.23 19.04.05
Bus
Some time later we see hill & valley both side of the road. And Settlement on the hill & some small tree on the hill.
The hill is made of metamorphic & sedimentary rock.  
29
8.37 19.04.05
Bus
At 8.37am we see Red crescent & district Matsho Vaban.
30
8.43 19.04.05
Bus
At time 8.43 we see Meghna porjaton motel & some cultivated land both side of the road.
31
8.55 19.04.05
Bus
We see Colonel Oli Ahamed Bir Bickrom college & Balajia Bus station. Market & Balajia primary school. Some time later we see many settlement & Agricultural land. There paddy & corolla are cultivated.
32
9.00 19.04.05
Bus
We see Bangladesh Riffels training center at 9.00am & Dushtidar Hat.
33
9.05 19.04.05
Bus
We reached Satkania, Karani hat, market. We also see many big market & Bus station.
34
9.15 19.04.05
Bus
Thakur Digi Bazar is beside the main road. We see padua Thauari Bazar, later from thakur digi Bazar.
         Some time later we also see plain land, Sattlement, Lohagara Army Box, Barar, both side of the Road.
35
9.35 19.04.05
Bus
We cross Al Hazz Mostafizur Raham, Ali Nagar union council paddy land, chonti Bazar at 9.30 to 9.35. We also see tila, Brick field both side of the Road. And corss Lohagara union council at 9.42 is.       
36
9.45 - 10.00
Bus
At 9.45 we see urban irrigation project, Harbang bazaar and Bharitali, Trimile River, Nalkila mathsha project chakaria Bazar we reached at 10.00 am.
37
10:10 – 10:30 19.04.05
Bus
We cross Ali Kandam Dola hazra at 10.17 am. And Eidgw Bus station at 10.30 am.
38
10:45 19.04.05
Bus
At 10:45 we see Bokshi Bazar & Ramu Rabar Grden.
39
11:00 – 11:05 19.04.05
Bus
We reached Cox’s Bazar link road & see Cox’s Bazar govt. College & sadar upozila Cox’s Bazar at 11:00 to 11.05 am.
40
11:12 19.04.05
Bus
At that time we reached Kalatali market and see Jhaw garden & many motel, sea.
41
11:20 19.04.05
Bus
We entered in Hotel Ovishar at 11:20 am.
42
8:48 21.04.05
Bus
We saw hotel, Palace & Cox’s Bazar Govt. College.
43
9:00 21.04.05
Bus
Some time later we saw many hills & valley both side of the Road. There is some settlement in the valley.
44
9:12 – 9:25 21.04.05
Bus
We cross Eidgaw Bus station & Chakaria Bazar.
45
10:15 – 10:25 21.04.05
Bus
We reached Karanihate Bazar & Dohazari Bazar at 10:15 to 10:25 am.
46
10:40 21.04.05
Bus
At that 10:40 we saw Chandanaish Govt. High School & patia Govt. College.
47
11:25 21.04.05
Bus
We reached Karnaphuli
River, Char pathar Bridge at 11:25 am. Some time later we cross River by Feri. It takes 7 - 8 m. time to cross the River. There is dirty environment. 
48
11:40 21.04.05
Bus
We reached Chittagong main city at 11:40 am. Crossing fringi Bazar. And some time later we see Chittagong Rail way station at time 9:51 am.
49
12:21- 12:58 21.04.05
Bus
We see Govt. Muslim high School, University of Science & Technology Chittagong & Ansar BDP Office at 12:21 – 12:58 pm.
50
2:12 pm 21.04.05
Bus
We enter in Foy’s lake.


FOY’S LAKE TO JAHANGIRNAGAR UNIVERSITY


No.
  Time    &date
Transport
  System                    
                  Subject
51
3:00 21.04.05
Bus
We start our Journey to go Dhaka from Foy’s Lake at 3:00 pm.
52
6:00 21.04.05
Bus
Feni sadar.
53.
6:47 21.04.05
Bus
Chuddar hat Bazar.
54
7:56 21.04.05
Bus
We reached Hotel Kanan.

55
9:03 21.04.05
Bus
We cross the Meghna Bridge at 9:03 pm.
56
9:13 21.04.05
Bus
We reached Kach pur Bridge at 9:13 pm.
57
9:59 21.04.05
Bus
We enter in Dhaka main town.
58
11:20 21.04.05
Bus
We reached J.U campus.

































DESCRIPTION
ON
STUDY AREA












Bandarban District:

            Location: (Chittagong division) with an area of 4479 km, is bounded by     RANGAMATI district on the north, Arakan (Myanmar) and the river Naf on the south, Arakan (Myanmar) and Rangamati district on the east and Chittagong and Cox’s Bazar district on the west.



                                            

                           Figure 01: Bandarban district

 River:
 Main Rivers are Sangu, Matamuhuri and Bakkhali.

 Mountains:
 The four mojor mountain ranges of the district are the Meranja, Wailatong, Tambang and Politai. Bagakain or Baga lake is notable.

Temperature:
Annual average temperature maximum 33.3oc  and minimum 11.1o c .

Rain fall:
            Annual rainfall is 2644 mm.

Area:
            The area of Bandarban town is 51.80 km.

Population:
            It has a population of 21652; male 60.93% and female 39.07%.

Density of population:
            The density of population is 418 per sq. km.

Dailies:
            Jug Rabi and Natun Bangladesh.

Periodical:
            Sangu.

Main crops:
 Main agricultural crops are paddy, mustard, cotton, tobacco, vegetables.

Main fruits:
            Main fruits banana, pineapple, jack fruit, orange, papaya.

Main hats and bazars:
            Main hats and bazars are Swalak, Rwongchari, Ruma, Thanchi, Balipara, Aziznagar, Lama, Alikadam, Bahisari, Naikhongchari, Gumdum, Tumbru and Murong Gahati.

Main exports:
            Banana, Jackfruit, Cotton, Bamboo.



EXPLANATORY NOTES ON CHITTAGONG

Chittagong District:
Location:
            An area of 5282.98 sq.km. is bounded by Feni district and tripura (Indian state) on the north, Cox’s Bazar district on the south; Bandarban, Rangamati and Khagrachhari on the east.

Temperature:
            Annual average temperature maximum 32.5oc  and minimum 13.5oc  .

Rainfall:
            Total annual rainfall 2687mm.

Rivers:
            Main rivers are Karnafuli, Halda and Sangu.

Natural beauty:
            Noakhali district is for its unique natural beauty characterized by hills, rivers, sea, forests and valleys.

Chittagong city:
            Chittagong city is not only the principal city of the district of chittagong but also the second largest city of Bangladesh.

Location:
            It is situated with in 22o14' to 22o24'30'' N latitude and on the right bank of the river Karnafuli.

origin of the name Chittagong:
Historians have given various explanations as to the origin of the name Chittagong. Bernoli explains in his description theoretical Geographic De L’Inde (1786) that the name Chittagong came from the Arabic word Shal (delta) prefixed to Ganga (Ganges), indicating the city at the mouth of the Ganges. The district received the name “Chittagong” from the city.

People and language:
Bring a port city from early times, Chittagong attacted people from various regions of the world. These international contacts left a lasting impact on the language, religion and culture of the city.
  
            The vast majority of the people of Chittagong are Muslim; a small percentage of Hindu and Christian also live in the city.

            There are a good number of Arabic words in the dialect spoken in Chittagong. Besides many places and people have Arabic names as well. Apart from Arabic word, certain Arakanese, Portuguese, Pali and Hindi words are also found in the dialect of Chittagong, which is generally know as Chatgaiyan Buli.



Topography:
            Chittagong is very different in terms of topography with the exception of sylhet and northern Dinajpur from the rest of Bangladesh, being a part of hilly regions that branch of the Himalayas. 
           
            Chandranath or Sitakundu is the highest peak in the district, with an attitude of 1152 feet above mean sea level.

            In the town itself, there is a peak known as Batali hill, which used to be 280 feet high and was the highest point in the town.

            Chittagong district possesses no natural lakes. As a result several artificial lakes and ponds or Dighis, as they are popularly, are found all over the district.

Played a significant role in liberation:
            It is that Chittagong from where the declaration of liberation of Bangladesh from the radio was announced for the first time.

Administration:
            The administrative functions of chittagong are carried out by a mélange of organizations. The city corporation of Chittagong is the only elected body. The mayor and the word commissioners are elected. The chief executive officer is a senior government official deputed by the government.
Attractive places:
            The beautiful buildings, mosques and shrines of Chittagong bear witness to its history. From the ancient time to the present most of the old and new buildings of the city are built on the top of low hills and hillocks and also along the valleys and plains.

Mosques and shrines:
            Chittagong is known as the land of Saints, Darweshes and Fakirs. Several mosques and shrines bear testimony to their presence in the city.      
           
Railway:
            The necessity of connecting the port of Chittagong to the tea gardens of Assam led to the construction of railways in Chittagong.

Chittagong club:
            Chittagong club was established in 1879. The club is famous for its attractive building on a nice location, recreation facilities and distinguished tradition.


Chittagong Hill Tracts:
            Location: The only intensive hill area in Bangladesh lies in southeastern part of the country (21o 25' N to 23o 45' N latitude and 91o 54' E to 92o 50' E longitude) bordering Myanmar on the south east the Indian state of Tripura on the north, Mizoram on the east and Chittagong district on the west.
            The area of Chittagong hill tracts is about 13184 sq km, which is apprnimately one tenth of the total area of Bangladesh.

             

Figure 02: Chittagong Hill tracts

Vegetation: The hills are unsuitable for cultivation but natural vegetation remains widely. Jhum cultivation is being practiced on the hill slopes, cotton, rice, tea and oilseeds are raided in the valleys between the hills.
Flora: The hills, River and Chaffs are covered with dense bamboo breaks tall trees and creeper jungles. The valleys are covered with thick forest.

Fauna: The fauna mainly includes monkey, fox, jungle cat, fishing cat, wild boar and land turtle, king cobra, reticulated python, rat snake and other non poisonous snakes together with large number of species lizards and amphibians like frog and toad and tree frogs.
            The bird life of Chittagong hill tracts is wonderfully rich. More than 60 families of birds are found.
Forest: Most of the hill is covered with forests containing valuable timber trees, bamboos, canes and a rind of grass known as Shan.

Natural Calamities: Earthquake of 1762, 1859, 1885, 1930, 1950 and 1997 are worth mentioning.
            Cyclones of 1876, 1895, 1897, 1960, 1963, 1991 and 1997 are well documented. A flood of 1969 has been divesting.
Lakes: there are two natural lakes Rainkhiang Rime lake and Bagakine lake and there are two artificial lake ( Kaplai and Foy’s lake). Kaptai Lake covers an area of about 767 sq km. in dry season and about 1036 sq km. in the monsoon.

Population: Dominated by Mongolian group. The major Mongolian tribes are Chakma, Tripura, Murong and Mogh. In fact the Chittagong hill tract hosts thirteen different tribes who are divided into nearly a hundred different sects.

            Rail ways: The first rail way line connecting the port of Asam was opened in 1895.
            Air ways: The Chittagong Shah Amanat International air port is situated on the bank of the River Karnaphuli and is about eleven kilometers from the city centre. Most of the other districts of Bangladesh are connected to Chittagong by air.
 























NOTES
ON
COX’S BAZAR


COX’S BAZAR:
           
            Arguably the most attractive tourist resort of the country located on a low range of sand hills between the River Bakkhali and the Bay of Bengal with a long open beach towards the sea.
            The town was named after Lieutenant Cox’s who had rehabilitated here a group of Maghs seeking in British territory after the conquest of Arakan by the Burmese. He died here in 1798.
            The unbroken 125 km beach at Cox’s Bazar is sandy with a gentle slope. Since the rise and fall of the tide here is not great. It is a good place for sea bathing. A large variety of fish, including excellent Pomfret soles and Oysters are also caught here.

            Cox’s Bazar is about 150 km from Cittagong and is connected to the port city by bus, air and steamer services. It is a district town and also headquarters of the Cox’s Bazar forest division. The town and surrounding places have many colorful pagodas and Buddhist temples are inhabited by, among, many other people who have their own district customs and tradition.

            In addition to the long sea – bathing with its silvery waves breaking at the foot of hills and sea – bathing, the attraction of Cox’s Bazar include a drive along the beach, the view of the sun setting on the rolling sea waves, the moonlit night and its people. Interesting places around Cox’s Bazar include Himchhari, Ramu, Sonadia Island, Maheshkhali, Tednaf and St. Martins Island. 


Cox’s Bazar district:
Location:
            With an area of 2491.86 sq km, is bounded by Chittagong district on the north, Bay of Bengal on the south, Bandarban district, Arakan (Myanmar) and the Naf River on the east, the Bay of Bengal on the west.

Temperature:
            Annual average temperature maximum 32.5oc and minimum 14.8oc.

Rain fall:
            Annual rainfall 3377 mm. the district have been a coastal region vulnerable to cyclone, tidal bare and hurricane.
  
Main offshore Islands:
            Maheshkhali, Kutubdia, Matarbarl, Sonadia, Shah Pari and St Martins or Narikel Jinjira.

Main Rivers:
            Main rivers are the Matamuhuri, Bakkhali, Reju Khal, Maf, Maheshkhali Channel and Kutubdia Channel.

Main forest:
            Main forests areas are Phulchhari Range, Bhumaria – Ghona Range, Meherghona Range, Bakkhali Range.
           
            Cox’s Bazar represents the longest sea beach of the world and charming forest belt.

Population:
            Total population is 46887; male 59.11%, female 40.89%. The density of population is 6845 per sq km. the literacy rate among the town people is 52.2%.

Hotel and market:
             Cox’s Bazar having been a great tourist resort various establishments have developed in the town including 6 big hotels, 30 medium hotels, and so semi – medium hotels.
Jhinuk market and Burmese market:
            Jhinuk market for the tourists and the Burmese market are dealing in luxury goods of Burma, Thailand and China.























AiM and Object

Of

Study Tour.
        


       
      

Physiographic
























The Sangu River


Source:
            The Sangu River has its source in its source in the north Arakan hills.

Boundary:
            Its boundary is between Arakan and the Chittagong hill tracts.

Flow:
            It flow northwest and eaters Chittagong district from the east, flows to the west across the district and finally falls into the Bay of Bengal.

 

                                 Figure 04: Sangu River


Its tributary:
 The principle tributary of the Sangu is the Dolu which drains the Satkania plain and flowing to the north falls into the Sangu. The Chandkhali flowing through the patiya plains also join it on its right side. Further down it is joined by the Kumarhali which was artificial connection with the Jaliakhali which again falls into the Kutubdia Channel.

Importance of Sangu:
            The Sangu is, therefore, a very important river as it drains of waters of three important upazila Patiya, Satkania and BashKhali. It is also use for navigation. It has also a connection with Karnafuli through the Katakhali. 
Cross profile of Sangu River

(At particular place)

To know about the cross profile at a particular place of Sangu River we took reading from the different point of river by grouping.
            By calculating the cross profile we know about the way, spread ness, natural levees etc of the river.
            For this purpose, we use some materials -
                       
·        Tape
·        Rope
·        Compass
·        Graph paper

At the station we measure the natural levees both side of the river by the tape. Then we took the reading of 30 meters one after another. In this way we found out the thalweg of the river and other information.

Next, this measured value is established on the graph paper and get a cross profile of that particular place.

            To find out the cross profile of sangu River we also see the emotional and depositional features and other subjects are described below: 

 Channel proper:
            If the natural levee both side of the River is full of water is called channel proper.

Flood plain:
            By the deposition of the mud and silt which plains are formed is called flood plain.

Wetted perimeter:
            The slope of the River where the water flows all times is called wetted perimeter.

Natural levee:
            The highest part both side of the river is called natural levee.


Thawed:
            The lower part of the river bed is called Thalweg. It is the deepest part.
 
 Concave slope:
                                                                                                 
            Where the river water current heated and make a hole that place this part is known as concave slope. It is like the backside of a spoon.
Convex slope:
            The opposition of concave slope is known called convex slope. It is like the spoon.


Left Bank:
            The left hand side bank towards the current of river is called left Bank.

Right Bank:
            The right hand side bank towards the current of the river is called Right Bank.


          CROSS PROFILE READING OF SANGU RIVER

Distance
Reading
0 – 30
3' 6″
30 – 60
4' 8″
60 – 90
8' 5″
90 – 120
12'
120 – 150
12.8″
150 – 180
13 2″
180 – 210
13' 8″
210 – 240
12' 9″
240 – 270
12'
270 -- 300
6'






                  PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF HILL TRACTS

            The hill and forest areas of the old Chittagong district were separated from the Chittagong district in the year 1860.

            It is situated between 21o 25' and 23o 45' north latitude and between 91o 45' and 92o 50' east longitude. It total area is 5093 square miles.



Figure 05: Physical aspect of Hill tracts.


Scenery: The general aspects is a tangled is a tangled mass of hill, ravine and cliff covered with dense trees. Bush and creeps Jungle. The scenery along the course of the karnafully and its tributaries is for the most part dull and uninteresting, the characters of the scenery charges from its usual dull monotony of reaches of still water and walls of dark – Irene verdant to a scene of marvelous beauty. The stream san briskly in a narrow pebbly bed between bents that rose nearly per pandicularly and so high that the son only came down to us by glints here and there. Enormorous tree ferns hung over our heads, some fifty feet up, while the straight stems of the garyan tree shot up with out brance.  Like a white pillars or temple. There are many beautiful valleys. The road is high and low and not straight.


Hills: All the hill ranges of the Hill Tracts are most hogback ridges. They rise steeply, thus looking for more impressive than their height would imply and extend n long narrow ridges. Whose tops are barely 100 ft wide? Most of the ranges have scarps in the west with cliffs and waterfalls. The form sharp water partings and have a trellis drainage system. In all these respects they are different from the low rounded foot hills the west. This is the place of hills, so huge amount of big hills are situated here. The highest hills are Kiokradong Hill (4034 ft) high to the east of the district and pyramid Hill (3017 ft) high in the some quarter.

Geology: Sedimentary rocks consisting of sand stone, shale, siltstone, and clay stone and singing in age from early to late Miocene epoch are present in the hill tracts. They are overlain by alluvium of recent age in the valleys. Rock out crops is mainly seen in the river channel cutting and in the cliff.

The rocks are folded; the acnes are parallel and oriented N.N.W. The synclines are broad and form valleys. These followed by light anticlines which make the hill ranges. Thus there is a close fertilizer for sustained crop production.
           
Crops: The crops which are being further cultivated and improved on a major scale immediately are bamboo, bananas, cashew nut, citrus, coffee, guava, ginger, jackfruit, kapok, lichi, mango, oil seeds, papaya, pineapple, rubber, turmeric and vegetables.

            The second group comprises crops that are recommended for early intensive study and experiment. These crops include avocado, pear, castor oil, coconut, cotton, groundnuts, oil palm, potato, tapioca, tobacco, tang oil, and cover and forage crops. Many of these crops are now being grown on a small scale in the Hill Tracts.

            Salt-Licks: Salt licks are found at many places in the hills, the best known are those at Bhangamura in the north, and Mowdongklang in the east part of the district.

               River system and other water Bodies
     
There are a number of rivers in the Chittagong region. Most of the rivers are swifter than those of the other parts of Bangladesh due to their courses passing through mountain ranges. A large number of hills lead to flash floods. The important river systems of this region are: The Karnafuli, Feni River, The Halda, The Sangu, and The Matamuhuri the Bakkhali, The Reju, The Naaf.

Lakes: There are two lakes and one reservoir. Kaptai reservoir, in the Chittagong Hill Tracts but except for a new shallow depressions, there are no natural lades in Hill Tracts, The Rinkhyongkine Lale, The Bogakine Lake, The Kaptai Lake, Foy’s lake.
Both the lakes are beauty spots an frequently visited by local and foreign visitors.
Flora: The general aspect of the topography of the district is a mass of hills, rivers and cliffs covered with dense bamboo breaks, tall tress and creeper Jungles. The valleys are covered with thick virgin forest interspersed with small water courses and swamps of all sizes and descriptions. The main features of the vegetation are semi ever green to tropical evergreen dominated by tall tress belonging to Dipterocarpaceas. The natural vegetation however now exists in such areas as in the valleys of the Rainkhyong Reserved forests in Bandarban subdivision.

Trees: There are many kinds of trees and other plants are available. The tress of hill districts is –

Banderhola, Batna, chalmugra, chalta, champa chaplish, chikrassi, civit, Daki Jam, Garjan, Gamiri, Jarul, Kakam, Kamdeb, Koroi, Mahogony, Madanmasto, Negeswar, Narikeli, Jam, Pitli Teak, Arjun, Kat Badam, Toon, Barta, Dharmar etc.

Mammal Animal: There are many mammal animal, Capped Monkey, Leaf Monkey, Aaian Jackal, Bengal fox, Probably Indian wild Dog, Sun Bear, Martans, Weasals, Honey Badger, Hog Badger, Jungle cat, Fishing cat, Panther, Wild Boar, Barking Deer, Scaly Anteater etc.

Birds: So far as birds are concerned the Chittagong Hill Tracts posses the richest avifauna of East. This is only district to support the typically evergreen forest species of birds in addition to other species to be found in open countries and cultivated area. There are bongos including the Greater, Racket – tailed, Lesser, Racket – tailed and Hairy crested Drogues, Mynas, Magpies, and many species of minivets, cuckoo – shrikes etc.
Fishes: The Karnafuli reservoir, the biggest man made artificial lades has been created as a rebuilt of construction of he dam across the river Karnafuli at kaptai for the installation of Karnafuli Hydro – electric power station. The dam was completely closed in 1961.

Before closing of the dam there was abundant fish. The collection of fishes was recorded by the Directorate of fisheries. Varieties of fish available in the kaptai lake are mentioned in Bengali name: Chapila, Kanpona, Phassa, Chital, Pholo, Ruhu, Ghonia, Logu, Mrigal, Titputi, Chela, Boal etc.

Chimate: There are three main seasons, the dry season from November to March. Which is relatively cool, sonny and dry, the pre-monsoon season, April – May which is very hot and sunny with occasional thunderstorms and the monsoon or wet season. June – October which is warming cloudy and wet? The average Temperature is about 30o c.

Rainfall: Mean annual rainfall is generally a little less than 100 Inches in the north and east, but 100 – 150 inches in the south and west. The higher hill ridge may receive more than interior valleys. Amounts vary considerably from year to year.         
                





































COASTAL MORPHOLOGY

















                                      Coastal Landform:

Introduction:
            Our earth is formed by some low and some high land form such as Hills, plains, Mountain, Plateau etc. Various Landforms are created by the work of various natural powers. Thus the work of sea water is performed by several marine agents like sea waves, oceanic currents, tidal waves and tsunamis but the sea waves are most powerful and effective erosive agent of coastal Landform.

Coastal Geomorphology:
            Generally the study of coastal physiographic is called coastal geomorphology. On the other hand,
                                                          “Coastal geomorphology is concerned with the process and landforms both subarisl and submarine within the lateral zone together with any associated cliff features, sand dunes and organic deposits lying to the landward”. Coastal geomorphology discuss about the following features:
·        Coast
·        Shore
·        Shore line
·        Beach

  Coast: The interactive place between ocean and land is called coast. In general sense we can say “Coast is the place of interaction between marine and terrestrial balance”.
            It is also says, “Coast is a bread area of land that borders the sea”.
                                

            “The coast is an indeterminate zone that extends land and water from the shore”.
                               -   Worcester.

Characteristics of Coastal Region:
·        The Coastal area extend is about 200 kms.
·         The density of population of coastal area is high.
·        The climate of coastal area in so comfortable and healthful.
·        The man of coastal area is expert in navigation.
·         Eros ional and depositional landforms are located here.
·        The most powerful and effective agent of coastal area is sea waves, currents, tide and ebbs.
·        Sea port is origin in the coastal area.
·        Sea Beach is a very popular spot for the tourist to relax.

Factors of erosion of coastal area:    
·        Structure of the coast.
·        Change of Depth of the Ocean.
·        Influence of ice berg, coral.
·        Location of estuary, damp, ports etc.
·        The kind and durability of rock shore.
·        Structural features of the rocks.
·        Tidal range.
·        Openness of shore to wave attack.
·        Configuration or absence of a protective beach.
·        Abundances and size of abrasive tools.
·        Stability of sea level.

Shore:
            The forward part of coast is known as sea shore or shore. In a ward, in front of coast is called the sea shore. Shore represents the zone of land between high tide and low tide water.
Sea shore is three types:
·        Back shore
·        Fore shore
·        Off shore.

Back shore: Back shore represents the beach zone stating from limit of frequent storm waves to the cliff base. It is covered by water only during great storms waves.

Fore shore:
            The area that extends from low tide water to high tide water is called fore shore.

Off shore: 
            Off shore represents the zone of shallow bottom of the continental slope.









Fig 06: Diff. types of shore.


Shore line:
            A shore line is the line that separates a land surface from a water body. So, the line of contact between the land and water surface is called the shore line.
                             
Beach:
            Temporary or short lived deposition of marine sediments consisting of sand, shingles cobbles etc. On the sea shore are called beach. According to A. B Loon (1979).

            “The sediments in motion along a shore are the beach”.

                                       


Figure 07: Sea Beach.
Cliff:
            Steep rocky coast rising almost vertically above sea water is called sea cliff. The step ness of true vertical cliff depends on the variation of litho logy and geological structure and relative rate of sobered weathering. True cliffs are generally formed where bedrocks are affected by low rate of sub aerial weathering and mass movement.















           
Fig 08: Sea cliff.  

Agents of modification of coastal landform:
            Water in the ocean is never static. It always dynamic and keeps on moving. The ocean water experiences three types of movements. They are the most important agates of coastal modification. They are:
·        Waves
·        Currents
·        Tides

Waves:
            The sea weaves are most powerful and effective erosive agent of coastal areas. By the work of wind the waves are created. Sea waves are defined an undulations of sea waters characterized by well developed crests and troughs. So, we can say that the waves generated due to friction on water surface caused by blowing winds.











Figure 09: Parts of waves

                                 
                             
Figure 10: Sea waves
Current:
            Current is another important agent for modification of coastal land. The general movement of mass of surface water is fairly defined direction is known as ocean current. It has no straight route. Sometimes they are divided into smaller streams and sometimes many smaller streams may join to from a bigger stream.

Current motion depends on the following element:
·        Force of wind
·        Strength
·        Depth of water
·        Configuration of shore.
Tides:
            The sea water regularly rises and falls twice a day. This periodic rise and falls of the sea water is known a tide.
Tide is two types:
·        High tide
·        Low or Ebb tide.
High tide:
            When the sea water rises up, it runs towards the coast or enters the gulf. It is known as incoming tide or high tide.
Low tide:
            When sea water moves away from a gulf or a coast, it is called low tide or Ebb tide. In Bangladesh tidal range is 2 – 5 miles.

JHUM CULTIVATION

What is Jhum:
            Jhum is a slash and burn technology of agriculture practiced mainly by the people of per – plough age. Jhum is still practiced in Chittagong Hill tracts.
           
            Jhuming or shifting cultivation, popularly known as Sweden cultivation or cultivation of slash and burn is the most prevalent form of cultivation in the hill areas of Bangladesh. Most tribal people are well acquainted with this type of farming.

Cultivation Area: 
            Jhuming is practiced on sloppy hills out side reserves forests. At present, about- 20000 hectares of land are being brought under Jhum cultivation every year, decaying 100 to 250 metric tons of soil per hectare land.
           
Classification of Jhum cultivation:
            The intensity of Jhuming varies with changing conditions of rainfall, topography, accessibility and dendity of population. On the basis of dependence, Jhumia family is broadly classified into 3 categories:
1.      Primary dependent
2.      Partially dependent
3.      Marginally dependent.

Cultivation Methods:
            In Jhuming, seeds are shown after the first rain in April. A broad blade knife, commonly known as Dao, is used to sow the seeds. Small holes are made through out the field by Dao and a mixture of different crops seed are placed in them. The main crops generally grown in Jhum include Rice, Maize Millet, Sesame, Cucumber, Pumpkin and Melon String bean, Cotton, Banana, Ginger and Turmeric etc. Crops are harvested in succession as the ripe between July and December.

                                      

Figure 11: Primary methods of Jhum cultivation.
           


Effects:
            Jhum cultivation is dangerously reduced from its traditional ten years fallow period to two to three years. This is because of population pressure and the reduction of Agricultural land due to the kapti reservoir and large seal none-tribal Settlement: Harmful results of Jhum cultivation include reduction of soil fertility, erosion of land, deforestation, and salutation of all these, crop yields have decreased significantly. Thus it is very important to find out suitable alternatives to Jhuming.   









CULTURAL                    ACTIVITIES
OF
TRIBAL




Tribal cultural activities:

Concept about man:
At the time of tour which we know about tribal that given below –

Name of tribes and population
We know that there are 31 tribes have in Bangladesh. But about 11 tribes lives in Bandarban.
There are –
1.      Chakma
2.      Marma
3.      Tripura
4.      Murang
5.      Tanchamga
6.      Boam
7.      Pankho
8.      Chak
9.      Kheyang
10. Khumi
11. Lusai


                                                   

Figure 12: Different tribal people


NAME OF TRIBES
POPULATION
PERCENTAGE (%)
Bengali
5 lakh
50
Chakma
2 lakh 40 thousand
24
Marma (Mog)
1 lakh 43 thousand
14
Trpura
61 thousand
6
Murang
22 thousand
2.2
Tanchanga
19 thousand
1.9
Boam
7 thousand
0.7
Pankho
3 thousand 5 hundred
0.35
Chak
2 thousand
0.20
Kheyang
2 thousand
0.20
Khumi
1 thousand 2 hundred
0.12
lusai
6 hundred 62
(-)

According to census report of 2001 we know that the 43% tribal population lives in this region.

Festival and culture:
The tribal people found of festival they have various festivals.
                             

 Figure 13: Cow killing festival of tribe people.



 Their main festivals are given below.

Boisabi Utsab:
It is the main social of Chittagong hill tracks tribal. To congratulate the New Year they arranged this utsab. This festival also called water festival. The Boisabi festival is famous various names in various tribes.
            Such as –
1.      The chakma say it “Bizu”
2.      The Marma say it Boisu/ Boisub.
3.      The Moro say it Chancrang.

Jhum cultivation festival:
At the time of Jhum cultivated the tribal girl’s arranged this festival.

Boat Competition:
It is one of the main festivals of tribal population. One tribal to others took this festival.
 
Rope tugging:
It is one of the main sports of tribal man. They play this sport in various festivals.

Education:
Tribe education system is not so developed. They used only their own education system. Some of them are educated and most of them are work in the out side of tribe area.

Occupation:
            Most of the tribal man is related with farming. Jhum cultivation is the main occupation in some tribes.

Dress:
            The tribal woman use the own made dress. They made their winter dress, festival dress, Jhum cultivation dress and other dress. In museum they have the dress of festival like Brassier, thami, khabang etc famous.

                                         

Figure 14: Tribal Dress

The use of dress of various tribal people is given below –

1.      Moro tribe                       Wantally (thami)

2.      Kheyang tribe                 Papri, Nangkat, Khorong, Poon.

3.      Khabong tribe                 Pagri.

4.      Tripura tribe                    Yanai, Karga, Kasa.

5.      Boam tribe                       Laap

6.      Marma tribe                    Barista, Rangi.

7.      Tanchanga tribe              Saloom (woman), Khadi, Kadui.

Arms:
            The tribes use the various arms for the cultivation and hunting. In Jhum cultivation they use the chopper as main arms. Their other arms is Vaba, Kack, Sinafull, Vangkansh, plung, Bengsi, chestosly go, chasatsrikang etc as arms.

                                             

Figure 15: Arms of tribal people

Jewellery:
            The tribal people use various types of juellery things. The use silver and puti made juellery which we saw it in tribal museum. The main jewellery is – hair kata, ear dul, komor bicha, Galar mala, Hachuli, Putir mala, legs kharu, Bazubandha, Hands churi, Komor belt, (Hagri), Takar mala ( ta – Aa – jam), baiubandha (tadang) etc. They are using this jewellery all time.
                                    

Figure 16: Jewelery of Tribal people
  
Sculpture:
            We see various types beautiful sculpture in ground floor of tribal institute. This sculpture made by iron, cement and concrete. The sculpture made by plaster of Paris. So it is glitters. Chakma artist made most of the sculpture.

                                      

Figure 17: Sculpture of tribal people.

Religion:
            The Chakma, Marma, Khumi, Kheyam are faithin Bushist religion. Other tribe’s faith in chiristion.

Our tour to tribal cultural institute:
            Tribal population develops needed to develop our country. At the time when we journey to tribal cultural institute of Bandarban which we know about it is given below.
Objective of this institute:
            To protection develop and expression the behavior, lifestyle and other things of tribal people in 1978 first established a tribal cultural institute also established in Bandarban.

The various collected things in tribal institute:
Book:
In first floor of this centre there have a library. In this library have about 2500 books. In this library have 7 self’s. In three self’s have the literature and four self have the tribal book.

Dress:
The tribal woman found use the won made dress. They
made their winter dress, festival dress, Jhum cultivation dress and other dress. In museum we see various types dress.
            We also see the tribal centre arms, jewellery, sculpture etc.

Seminar:
A seminar held in tribal centre after see the museum. There we get speech from Assistant Director of this centre Mungnu ching, Finance director Lilang murang, Director of Reserch unchu and librarian Gingal boam. Briefly they give us information about tribal population, their culture and history.
  
                   

Figure 18: Cultural Seminar in cultural Institute of Bandarban.


Zadikiyang Buddha temple:
History:
            First it was famous as Zadi hill. Buddha dev had meditated here before 1200 years. This region man say that here they had see the light like search light. In night of full moon would see the man with white cloth they had also meditated here. In dreams the godhead said the general man to make here a temple. At lost in 1995 here start the work of temple. The work had been completed in 2001. Here had much gold. So it is also say gold temple.

Location:
            Its location is 22o 31' 21'' East Latitude and 92o 11' 5'' North Longitude. It is up 75 meter from sea level. Side of this temple is hill and one side Sangu River.

                               
                 
Figure 19: Zadikiyang Buddha temple

Description:
            The founder director and head of this temple is srimatupancha Jout the (Uchola vante). He also said the head of the king. In main temple has the statue of – Kakosando Buddha, Kanagoman Buddha and Goutam Buddha. This temple has four doors. There have the 7 days worships 7 stature. The worshipers worship here. The side of temple has a big bell. The metal work of temple is so nice that it is attracted all to him.

The pond of god head:
            The pond is situated near the Zadi hill and up of the hill. There has a speech that if anyone drink the water of this pond his mind desire will be fulfill. It is invented 2003. The digger of this pond is –
-         Srimat Upancha Joat Kher.
-         Principal-Buddha temple Zadi &
                                          - Raj Bihar 

                                            

Figure 20: Debotar Pukur – date 13-02-03

Buddha tree:
            Which under the tree the Buddha dev of India, had seeded this trees seeds give plant are grow side the godhead pond. 






















Development
    Of
   Tourism



          



The natural beauty of chimbuk hill:
            We reached chimbuk hill at 9:17 am. Our respected teacher informed us about the geographical location of chimbuk hill with the help of GPS (Global Posit ionic System). It is 554 metre high from sea leve. Its latitude is 22o 03' 36.9″ north & longitude is 92o 16' 17.2″ east. The distance of chimbuk hill is 294 miles from Jahangirnagar University campus & 335 miles from kamalapur railway station, Dhaka.

            Chimbuk hill is rated as the third highest/largest hill of Bangladesh (1st : Tajingdong, 2nd : Keokaradong). The natural surroundings were very nice. The 2nd largest hill of Bangladesh keokaradong resides beside chimbuk. But it not possible for us to see very far due to fog. The houses in the surface of the hill looked tiny & the roads looked like threads from the peak of the hill. But, the natural surrounding was unbelievable to describe.

            There was a T & T (Telephone &Telegraph) tower& a police control room in the place where we were then. There were 30 to 40 resident policemen there. There were also a mosque and a rest house. Rafiqul Islam, a policeman of that police control room, helped us. With various information about chimbuk & its surroundings. He told us that people who live around chimbuk are mostly velong to the “Murong” trive & Bengali is rarely found there. It’s very cold during winter, such cold that sometimes it snows & rains heavily. They collect their drinking water from a source called “Zhire”. Agriculture is of 300 m types, Rice, bean, paw-puw etc are cultivated in the process of 300 m cultivation. Tribal women are mainly engaged in cultivation & the tribal familiar is female dominant. We tried to take images of this nice scenes around is a blessing of nature.

                                     

Figure 21: Hill of the chimbuk.      

SAYLO PROPAT:


Water fall:
            On the way to return from chimbuk at first we reached the water fall of farak village. It was established on 11th July 1991 & Bengali 26th Aushar, 1398. The founder name of this water fall is Md. Ataur Rahman Majumdar, D.C. Bandarban. It is a natural beauty & a tourism center. The water is falling down from far through the hill. Is the water falls down from very high level it makes big holes like canion or gorge. We saw fifferent layers of soil here. The soil was built with hard rock. We collected small pebbles from the flow of water fall. The water fall was almost like the following picture.

                                     

Figure 22: Saylo propat 

            Various trees & bushes around the water fall make it more beautiful. This also affects the natural evolution of that place such as: soul erosion, flow of water etc. The water fall has not only a geographical importance but also has importance from intertwinement point of view.



Mioonchori:  
            From the water fall we reached a place named Milonchori. It is a rest house for Tourists. Hasan Mahbub the director of the restaurant informed us that it is rented generally on holidays; Sometimes also on working days. He also told us that tourist from Europe, America, South eat Asia, Scandinavia comes here. He opined that although the development work ageing on tourism is making same problems for environment, it helps on solving the problem of unemployment.


                            

Figure 23: Milonchori.   


            We reached Milonchori at 12:36 pm. Then our respected teacher informed us about the geographical location of  Milonchori with the help of GPS. The information is as follows:


            It is 160 meter high from sea level. It is situated at a latitude of 22o 10' 14″ north & a longitude of 90o 13' 23.5″ east. The distance of it from Dhaka is 282 miles.




DARIA NAGAR TOURIST CENTER.

            We start for Himchory at 7:00 am. on 20.04.05 by walking through the sea beach. After passing about 4 km. we reached Daria Nagar tourist center. We observe the natural beauty of sea beach on our traveling time.

Location: 
            The location of the top of the tourist centre is given below.

                                                Latitude: 21° 25' 37.0″ N
                                                Longitude: 92° 0' 02.9″ E
                                                Elevation: 54 m from sea level.

Weather:
            Daria Nagar is situated closed to the sea. So the climatic condition is suitable for health. Land breeze and Sea breeze are mostly observed in Daria Nagar, Sea breeze in day time and land breeze at Night time.

Natural Beauty of Daria Nagar:  
            Daria Nagar tourist centre situated on beautiful and attractive place. At first we observed a cave which is 100 m. length. Then we reach the top of the hill, we see so much attractive scene after arrived the hill. When we arrived at the top of the hill we feel cool air. We see here the water fillet ration processes of cave. Really the cave was very wonderful. The stairs was made by the cutting of the body of the hill. Beside hill there was sitting place to take rest for the tourist. We also flower garden and sitting bench for the tourist. There are some tower are situated on the top of the hill they looks nice on the see Flore.
                            
Figure 24: Natural beauty of Daria Nagar.
  
Economic condition:
            Daria Nagar tourist is the source of income. The important economic condition which we get from the Daria Nagar is inform in below –
·        Several type of man are employed
·        Every season about 100 tourists come.
·        The tourist both local and foreigner
·        The ticket price of Daria Nagar is 10 taka.
·        There are some small stall for cold water others food.

Geographical Importance:
            Daria Nagar is an important place for geographical side. For land protection it’s important is enormous. It mainly acts as obstruction of land from sea. Land breeze and sea breeze are balanced the environment of the geographical area.
Tourism:
            Many tourist come from different countries. They manly come in winter season for change weather. The weather is helpful to grow health so they select this place for tourism. Many facilities are given for the tourist by Daria Nagar.

Conclusim:
            Daria Nagar is very beautiful place in all side. It looks very beautiful and it also helpful for health. There are many green covered hill which are charmed us very much. There are covered by various size hills. When we stand at the top of the Daria Nagar we feel an imagine life.

FOY’S LAKE

            After finishing our Cox’s Bazar tour then we start our journey for Foy’s Lake to Chittagong in 21.04.05. We reach Foy’s Lake at 1:30 pm. After faking the lunch we reach the Foy’s Lake at 2:00 pm. Its entrance fee is 60 taka. The details description of Foy’s Lake is given blow:

                      

Figure 25: Foy’s Lake

 Location:
            The location of Foy’s Lake which is measured by GPS are given below –
                                    Latitude: 22° 22' 05.6″ N
                                    Longitude: 91° 47' 38.8″ E
                                    Elevation: 27meter from sea level.

Historical Background:
            Foy’s Lake is an artificial lake. It was made by Asum Bangla Railway in 1924. It was situated by Chittagong pahartoli Railway station near khalsi. Foy’ lake was named by the British gentle man Foy’s.

            Foundation: Mir Mohammed Nasir Uddin in 2003.

            Reminding: Prime Minister Khaladia Zia in 19 April 2004.   

Natural Beauty:
            When we enter the Foy’s lake we were pleased to see the natural beauty of it. Though it is an artificial lake it was pleased us very much. The natural beauty of Foy’s lake is given below by point.

·        Here include the mini 300 for diversion of men.
·        Merry – go – round
·        Variety of Restaurant
·        Varies type of ridge we observe in the Foy’s lake among there are. Bumper car, Bumper boat, Video game paradise valley. Bumper coat food restaurant.

                                           

Figure 26: Natural beauty of Foy’s Lake.   


Animal Realm:
            There are various types of animal realm presents the variety hill of Foy’s lake. Though we stay there very short time we could not see the animal. But we also hearing by people there lived in deer, Fox, Snake variety of Bird even tiger are found some them. Hunting is forbidden the animal of Foy’s lake.


Supply water:
            The useable water of Chittagong extensive Railway situational area well protected by the water of Foy’s lake. Here the main source of water is rain. This rain water was used by supply water in various processing.

Impact of Modification:
            Firstly it was a natural lake this was digging for source of water. By the evolution of time the structure of Foy’s lake was changed. The hill of Foy’s lake was modified by created stairs, over all the whole feature of Foy’s lake was changed by the modification of new technological processes.

Conclusim:
            Foy’s lake is a charming place. It gives us pleasure. It is the source of traveling interest. Children’s are also very enjoyed in the Foy’s lake. It takes a good part progressive our natural beauty.

Cox’s Bazar:
            Cox’s bazaar is situated on about 91° 45' and 92° 25' east longitude and about 20° 45' and 21° 55' north latitude.

            Cox’s bazaar is the tourist capital of Bangladesh. The district of Cox’s bazaar has an area of 2492 sq km. World’s longest 123 km unbroken sandy beach gently sloping docon to blue water of the Bay of Bengal against the picturesque background of a chain of hills covered with tropical rain forest.

            The town was named after Lieutenant Cox, who had rehabilitated here a group of Maghs seeking shelter in British territory after the conquest of Arakan by the Burmese. He lied here in 1798.

            Cox’s bazaar is about 130km from Chittagong and is concocted to the port city by bus, air and steamer services. Cox’s bazaar town is frost division. The town and surrounding places have many colorful pagodas and Buddhist temples and are inhabited by, among others many tribal people who have their own distinct custom and Traditions.
            In addition to the long area-beach with its silvery waves breaking at the foot of hills and sea bathing, the alteration of Cox’s bazaar include a drive along the beach. The view of the sum setting on the rolling sea waves. The moon lit night and the exciting interior of the bazar and its people. Interesting place around Cox’s Bazar include Ramu, Sonadia Island, Maheshkhali, and Martin’s Island.

Himehari:
            Himehari located 18 km South of Cox’s bazaar along the sea beach is a nice place for picnic and film shooting. The broken hills and water falls here are unique spots. Anon the attraction is the Christmas trees.

Ramu:
            Ramu about 10 km from Cox’s bazaar on the main road to Chittagong is a Buddhist village and boasts a number of Buddhist temples of the Island and along its eastern cost line. On the top of the hills is famous Hindu temple. The coasts of the Island on the west and north form a low-lying tract that is fringed by Mangrove Forest.

Teknaf:
            Teknaf is a small township on the Naf River at the end of the hilly region. It is 80 km south of Cox’s Bazar end is a beautiful place facing Myanmar across the Naf. One of the major attractions of Teknaf is the Journey by Boat or sampan.

S T. Martin’s Island:
            St. Martin Island named after a British Governor. The country’s only Coral Island. It is situated in the Bay of Bengal about 100 km off from Cox’s Bazar and 8 km south of Teknaf. Local people call the Island named Narival Zin Jira coconut rows since coconut trees grow in large numbers in the Island. The area of the Island is about 9 sq km and different verities of shells and mother of peals such us conch shells, Spanish drill and cow rise are plenty Cox’s (khyangs) containing statues and images of Gautam Buddha in gold, bronze and other metals inlaid with precious stones. The most beautiful among the khyangs is the one Bakkhali on Tiger canal. The khyang houre ralied and Burmese handicrafts and 10 feet high braze statue of Buddha resting on a 6 feet high pedestal. The wood carve of this khyang is very delicate refined.

Sonadia Island:
            Sonadia is a crescent shaped Island about 7 km north-west of Cox’s bazaar. The area of the Island is about 9 sq km. Its western coast is sandy and is rich in different kinds of shells. The Island is a center of the dry fish industry. Another attraction of the Island in the sight of game birds migrating here in great numbers during the winter season.

Maheshkhali:
            Maheshkhali is an Island off the Cox’s bazaar has and area of 268 sq km. A range of low hills, about 300 feet high, stretches through the center.
Acquainted with our selected Hatchery
            The name of our selected hatchery is Flora Hatchery. It is situated kalatali area new sea beach at Ramu in Cox’s Bazar district. It is established in 1997. 35 – 40 employee word here. Address of its head office given below:


Flora Hatchery
C/O Mahfuzul Islam
Kalatali, Cox’s Bazar
Phone -- 64605

 Geographical Location:
                        Latitude: 21° 24' 20.9″ North
                        Longitude: 91° 29' 24.6″ East

This hatchery is situated 4 – 5 meter above from sea level.

Working Method:
            This hatchery is divided in to various sections for well work, and produced shrimp by systematic way. Different step by which shrimp produced given below step by step by a diagram:















Mother with    egg
 











   P.L (Shrimp from box)
         (8 – 25 days)
 





 
















Mother with egg:
            Big shrimp with egg is collected from sea. The shrimp bring in the fiber tank.  Oxygen supplying here 7 – 8 hours then becomes egg. After then this egg fear in green house tank. The work of egg collecting is this hatchery. In this systematic way approximately 3 – 12 lakh egg is gotten from a mother shrimp.

Green House:
            The egg collected from mother shrimp is called Nokly. This Nokly is stored in green house. If this egg stare at 12 am in greenhouse it becomes adult at 3 pm for bringing Joya.


Figure 27: Green house

Filter Method:
            Now blown shrimp is transferred different sector for supplying food. And for supplying pure water in different section filter method is used. First step of this filter is sand, second step is pebble/stone – chip, third step is covered with small stone. This filtering clean water collected in a tank which is called overhead.

                                     

Figure 28: Filter method

Joya:
            Joya is a stage where supply shrimp food by their age in various section. Here store 3 days in 3 sections and here supply algae food by the count of shrimp age. In this section used filtering water. To protect sun ray of Joyas sector here covered by the carpet, and also here supply oxygen by the narrow pipe.

Mayes:
            After reaping Joyas 3 sector, this shrimp bring in a section which in called myses. Here shrimp remain 4 days. Food which is supplied for shrimp is called feed food. Oxygen is supplied in this section by slender pipe.
  
P.L (Post Lerve) Delevary:
            At 4th day NPL transferred to LRT sector from myses sector. The food supplying here for NPL is called Artymia. It is one type of fish egg.

Supplying Place:
            This place is not good for shrimp growing. So generally shrimp is supplied in Saikhira. But sometimes this shrimp is supplied in foreign countries. Such as: Thailand.

Economic Importance:
            Shrimp cultivation is a profitable business. Sufficient money earn by this cultivation is short period of time. On the other hand there in a great demand of shrimp at present market and for this sufficient money is earned it is also exported in foreign country. Economically this cultivation is very important.

   Three persons gave us much information about hatchery/shrimp cultivation –
·        Mostaq Ahmed
·        Arif
·        Tutul











           
SHRIMP
CULTIVATION













SHRIMP CULTIVATION.

History of Shrimp Cultivation:
            History of shrimp cultivation is very old, in the coastal areas of Bangladesh. Farmers to cultivate shrimp in small scale for a long time especially in Khulna Region. With the rise in rise in international demand and high price, brakish water shrimp culture in the coastal areas has become popular. Currently, brackish water shrimp aquaculture is practiced not only in Khulna region in the southeast but also in the Cox’s Bazar area in the south east. Such farming is also spreading to other areas of the coast. Brackish water shrimp culture in Khulna region in practiced through traditional Bheri culture method since 1950 – 60 (Nuruzzaman 1993). In this method tidal water is stored in low-lying depression land or in the gher by construction of an embankment. The ghers are connected to the tidal river or khal by making branches of canal. Entry of water is controlled through box sluice placed across the cut and made into a network of artificial channels inside the Gher.
            The Bheri practiced through ages in brackish water tidal wetlands, namely mudflats, swamps, marshes, and paddy fields are typically located in Khulna regions. This traditional fishery is repartee to have developed first in spill area of Satkhira district which have been sited due to sewage discharge for many years. In many cases, certain portion of rivers, canal and spillway were embanked and converted into Bheri fisheries.
            In Khulna regions, the cropping pattern which in now prevailing in brackish water shrimp culture in the dry months followed by a crop of local variety of transplanted a man in the wet month from July – August to November – December on the samo land inside the gher. In some areas, shrimps are grown as single crope.
            The area of brackish water shrimp cultivation in Bangladesh over different period of time shown in











Figure 29: district wise brackish water shrimp culture area in Bangladesh.
            A typical flow chart of shrimp farming technology adopted in Thailand and Sri Lanka are given below:

















Sludge removal
 

 





Mechanically manually
 
Circular, rectangular, squire
 
                                                                                                






 

                                                                                                                                   

Tilling
 
Pond preparation
 
                                                                                                             























Prevent erosion
 

Plastic layering
 




 



Shrimp     firm
 
Semi intensive
 
                                                                                                           
























 







Water exchange
 
                                         

































Feeding tray fresh or polluted feeds
 









Pond management chemical
 




Shrimp
 



 

















Figure 30: A typical flow chart of shrimp grow out technology adopted in Thailand.

Farming trend and status of Shrimp culture in Bangladesh.
           
            Shrimp farming in the coastal are of Bangladesh has expanded extensively due to some additional advantage in the region:
1. The most advantageous situation is saline water, most favorable for the growth of penances monodon.
2. The next advantageous situation is a large number of rivers/canals originated from the coastal area and runs into the surface area, which are the main sources of saline water.

It is already mentioned that coastal aquaculture consists primarily of brackish water shrimp farming for which Bangladesh is endowed with extremely favorable resources and conditions:

a)     The availability of tided land
b)     Warm temperature throughout the year.
c)     Fertile pond soils with low internal drainage.
d)     Favorable water salinity and
e)     Abundant cheap labor force

Despite these favorable conditions, shrimp culture is still (1999) done under extensive and traditional fashion and its culture development is the form of increased land area rather than raisin production.

            The figure shows that production has increased up to the year 1994 – 95, which was 34234 mt. After that in 1995 – 96, the production has decreased substantially which was 32360 mt. The average size decreased from 14.55 ha to 12.0 ha subject to the year 1994 – 95 to 1995 – 96 respectively.












Figure 31: Area under cultivation (ha) and production (mt) of Shrimp in Bangladesh.

(Figure: 32) Shows the foreign exchange earning from some European countries by different frozen fish industries in Khulna region in 1996 – 97 Belgium, German, UK and Netherlands are the major countries, where Bangladesh exported shrimp are very popular.
















Figure 32: Year wise export of shrimps from Bangladesh.





























METHODS
        OF
     REPORTING
          AND
       INFORMATION
            PROCESSING






Method of reporting and information processing.

Observation:
            We started for Kamlapur station at 8:00 pm by our University bus and reached at about 10:00 pm. The train whistled at 10:00 pm and started gradually towards the north. We enjoyed the sceneries of both side of the train line such as slum, many shops, Khilgaon flyover etc. On our journey, we passed junctions and station, which were crowded even at night. After crossing four districts, we reached Chittagong. Here we took refreshment and our breakfast. Then we started for Bandarban at 9 am by bus.

            At about 12:30 pm, we reached Bandarban youth centre after passing over a hilly zigzag road. There were hills on both side of the road, which was very charming. Our honorable teacher showed the shitakundu hill from our bus. It was the hill, where our great poet Kazi Nazrul Islam used to enjoy his leisure.

            On 19.04.05, we went to Cox’s bazaar from Bandarvan. This was the place for which, we were waiting most eagerly. Here we saw sea beach, shrimp hatchery, the Darianagar hill. We observed a cave in the Darianagar hill.

            On 21.04.05, we started for our campus from Cox’s bazaar. On the way, we enjoyed the charming scenery in the Foy’s lake. We arrived our campus at 12:00
  
Question making:
            We were assigned and making questions about Jhum cultivation and to survey on Jhum cultivation. But for natural and security problem, we failed.

Garn audience:
            We discussed with various people of different places and collected many information. From the chief adviser of Tribal cultural centre, we came to know about the cultural activities, occupations and life style of the Tribes.

            On going to ‘Chimbuk’ we came to know about the location, surrounding environment and method of cultivation of Chimbuk hill.

            Hassan Mahbub Bablu, the owner of the hotel “hill side resort”, informed us about the number of tourists go there from home and abroad.

            Sura piaya, locally familiar as Guru, told us the history of the origin of ‘Zadi-kiang’. There is a very nice ‘pagoda’ on ‘Zadi-kiang’. He also told us the history of the origin of this pagoda.

            We collected information from Hassan Ahmed, Arif and Tutul about the production of shrimp from shrimp egg, shrimp culture and the export and import process of shrimp etc. From the boat man of Foy’s lake we got information about the origin and biodiversity of ‘Foy’s lake’.

Field work:
            We surveyed only the shangu  river, we measure the long profile and cross profile of the river. Besides, we were assigned to survey different things, but it was not possible for many reasons.

Map reading:
            We came to know about the location and area of our traveling area from map. We know the road from Dhaka to Bandarban to Cox’s bazaar from root map.

Satellite image:
            By using satellite, we were able to know the latitude and longitude. Besides, we got knowledge about G.P.S.

Photograph:
            We snapped various charming natural sceneries. These photographs helped us in observation and research. They are also a great source of our enjoyment.

Group discussion:
            During our tour, we used to report our daily performance to our teacher. We would make this report by discussing our group mates. From this group discussion, we solved many difficult problems easily.      

Leaflet collection:
            The offices of Bandarban cultural centre provided us a leaflet from which we came to know about secondary sources. Guru ‘sura piaya’ also gave us a book that helped us to know about the origin and development of ‘Zadi-kiang’ and ‘Pagoda’.

Seminar arrangement:
            The Tribal offices of Bandarban arranged a seminar. From this seminar, we know many important things that are very necessary to us, such as, the art and culture of Tribes, their manner, life style, language and the process of Jhum cultivation.

Guide line distributing:
            We were supplied a guide line by the offices in the seminar. This guide line helped us to know about the Tribal dresses, ornaments and arms.
             










DISCUSSION
    AND
EXPLANATION


















Discussion & Explanation

After staying 6(six) days at different places and worked on the beach we leant many things. Some are live experiences. Some information we get from different books, articles and journals, after analyses all the information and experiences we got.

Bangladesh is a land of rivers. There are many big & small rivers. No other country in the world has as many rivers as Bangladesh. Sangu River is one of the important rivers. By observing it we have learned about how to measure the cross & long profile. We have also known about it physical environment. As a student of geography’s environment the measurement and observation will be helpful to increase our knowledge about rivers.

We have also known about the physiographic characteristics of hill tracts area. The physiographic of hill tracts area is greatly different from other parts of Bangladesh. Small and large hill ‘Zigzag’ road are observable scenario in the hill tract area.

Bangladesh has a largest beach in the world. It’s not but the Cox’s Bazar. We shall not destroy or pollute. The beach should not destroy or pollute. The beach should be restricted. Because every beach has a carrying capacity so if we exceed it the beach will lose is natural calamities and process. After analysis we have also got the following information:

·        Making dunes is a natural process but mesentery it for his personal need it should be stop.
·        Don’t dig on the beach for the collection of sand.
·        The low and other department should be stricter and conscious for not hampering the world beach resources.
·        We have awarded of the exact tri low tide and high tide. This will always helpful for avoiding the accident.

Tribal cultural activates

Since we have visited the tribal cultural institute and have meet with the different tribal group. So we have know well about the tribal cultural activates.

By wasting the tribal cultural institute we have informed about the language, dress, culture, festival ornament, arms etc of tribal. These things enlarged our knowledge have a student geography & environment.
 Most tribal festivals how care cultural heritage in the brightest of colors. The fur fact that marks such events always over shadows the real life experiences and tribal divas is put up with one daily basis. Even in the face of the danger of extinction the indigenous people of Bangladesh remain, resolute and show that they are not only about sough dance and celebrations, while they have endeared a long history of displacement and injustices, very few steps have ever been take by the relevant authorities to source their place in a majoritarian society that of ten fails to tribal festival made on attempt to being in to view issues that have a strong being into view issues that have a strong bearing on the existent of the tribal people.

 The tribal people earn their livelihood by mainly Jhum cultivation. In the hill slope they cultivate different types of crops. We can say this system of cultivation as an artful one.

 Jadi Kiang temple is the symbol of beauty and Buddhist. The nice shape scenario and religious actuation of this temple is observable. It helped the Buddhist to perform their religious activities or expand.

 Though Bangladesh is small and poor country but it has bright future if properly are our tourism spot. By hand lengthen spot to government of the respective private motor. We can activate the vast opportunity of tourist.

Conclusion:
We have experienced a lot with our teachers through out the study tout. This study tour helped us to enrich the knowledge of applied Geography. Not only that we have also become familiar with the beauty of Bangladesh. We have observed Hilly condition and beach establishment of Chittagong and Cox’s Bazar and try to indicate the cultural and economic development of places.

I want to thank all of our friends, teachers and co-operatives. This memory will remain the same for ever. We are grateful to our teacher’s for their enormous inspiration from the start to finish and it could not have been possible with out their close contact. We feel very lucky to be a visitor of these beautiful places Bandarban, Cox’s Bazar and Chittagong.










ACKNOWLEDGE MENT:  
             
I would like to greet our chairman for his kind consideration. As well as our teacher for an arrangement of such a “Study Tour” through which we have become experienced and sound in the field of applied and Geography and we are pretty sure that the knowledge, we have just gathered will take us one step closer to the reality of competitive world. Our respectable teacher’s are –

1.    Dr. Subhash Chandra Das
2.    Dr. Shahedur Rashid
3.    Mr. Nayeem Aziz Ansari

And thanks of extra of our honorable teacher ---
                        Prof. Mesbah-us-Sslaheen
and his wife ---
                              Mrs. Asmat Ara Begum 
Who are always inspired us and gives us valuable advice.    

We must be grateful to the “Transport Sector” and the “Medical center” of Janangirnagar University. The “Bangladesh Railway (BR)” Authority for their supreme support. We’d also like to thanks “The Youth Development Training centre” in Bandarban for their warm reception, “The Tribal Cultural Institute” in Bandarban for their great help, “Hotel Ovisar” n Cox’s Bazar for their consideration, we thank them all. We’d like to give thanks to the Assistant librarian of Geography & Env. Dept. 139 “Hannan Ahmed” of Jahangirnagar University” Public Librarian” of Bangladesh public library, “National Archives” in Bangladesh, “Central Librarian” of Jahangirnagar University for their great support. Last of all we repeat, we acknowledged with thanks as well as the contribution of those teachers who were beside us through out the Tour. We also thanks to our beloved “Class mates” for their great community.  
 






REFERENCES

·      The Chittagong Hill tracts of Bangladesh (The untold story) --- Mizanur Rahman Shelley.

·      Banglapedia (Volume No: 1,2,3,4,9,10)

·      Encyclopedia

·      Sangu: A journal (Volume No: 1,2,3,4) --
Published by: Cultural Institute of Bandarban.

·      Chittagong district Gazetteer – public library, Bangladesh.

·      Bhugol Patrika – 2003

·      Sa – Chitra Bandarban (Bdn. Zilla) --  District Administration Bandarban Zilla Hill Tracts.

·      Graphosman

·      Guide line.





































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